Career Paths in Finance
The finance industry is a vast and multifaceted landscape, offering a diverse array of career opportunities for those with a passion for numbers, analysis, and strategic decision-making. From the fast-paced world of investment banking to the meticulous realm of financial accounting and analysis, the finance sector caters to a wide range of interests and skill sets. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various career paths available in finance, shedding light on the nature of each role, the required skills, and the potential for growth and advancement.
Article Contents
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- What are the main career paths in finance?
- Compensation Across Finance Sectors
- Core Skills for Careers in Finance
- Educational Requirements for a Career in Finance
- Importance of Networking in the Finance Industry
- Work Hours in Different Finance Roles
- Transitioning from a Non-Finance Background to a Finance Career
- In-Demand Skills in the Finance Industry
Key Takeaways
| Key Takeaway | Main Points |
| Major Career Paths |
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| Compensation Structure |
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| Core Skills Required |
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| Work-Life Balance |
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| Entry Requirements |
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| Career Development |
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| Emerging Skills |
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What are the main career paths in finance?
Investment Banking
Investment banking is often considered the epitome of prestige and allure within the finance world. ‘Full scale’ investment banks act as intermediaries, facilitating the buying and selling of securities, mergers and acquisitions, and other complex financial transactions. Investment bankers work closely with corporations, governments, and other entities, providing strategic advice and executing intricate deals. Smaller ‘investment banks’ may just be on the advisory side – but somewhere like Barclays Investment Bank will have the full suite of operations including debt and equity capital markets origination and trading desks.
What does a junior analyst (e.g. a graduate new hire) do day-to-day?
A junior investment banking analyst plays a critical role in supporting senior bankers on financial transactions like mergers and acquisitions (M&A), capital raising (IPOs, debt issuances), and other corporate finance advisory services. Though the work varies by deal flow, they typically include:
- Financial modelling (in Excel) to support deals – e.g. valuing companies, analysing corporate financial structures and deal structures.
- Creating pitch-books and presentations – involving financial analysis, market and industry trends, valuation reports. It’s a time-consuming process, working in a larger team – often doing all the ‘grunt’ work!
- Industry and Market research
- Due diligence – cross checking and reviewing financial reports, contracts and other business documents and distilling the findings into executive summaries for presentation
When a deal is under way, the pressure is high, and the hours can be long. Working in a culture / environment you like is going to be critical!
If you’re looking for high compensation, a face-paced but often pressured environment, then this is where to look.
Corporate Finance
Now, investment banks do have a corporate finance advisory aspect (as described above), but here we are talking of the ‘internal looking’ branch of corporate finance. You might be working for a large accountancy firm like Grant Thornton or EY, or perhaps a smaller ‘boutique’ or specialist advisory firm. Corporate finance professionals play a pivotal role in the financial decision-making processes of companies. They are responsible for analysing financial data, forecasting future performance, and developing strategies to optimize capital structure, manage risk, and maximize shareholder value. Corporate finance roles may involve tasks such as budgeting, financial reporting, mergers and acquisitions, financial restructurings and capital raising activities.
Typical roles as a junior would include:
- Financial analysis and modelling
- Capital allocation and investment appraisal
- Working with corporate treasury on cash flow modelling, debt & equity financial advice, capital structure optimisation
- Supporting M&A – due diligence, modelling, financial structuring
- Strategic financial advice on projects / investments (supporting the team on this)
Again, you’ll have to be confident working with numbers and models – if not now, then you soon will be. Being able to demonstrate competency in these areas will be a good boost to get you in! Our financial modelling course is a good starting point.
Skills Needed:
- Financial modelling and Excel proficiency are essential for handling financial analysis and budgeting.
- Analytical thinking to evaluate investment opportunities and business strategies.
- Attention to detail, as mistakes in financial reports or models can lead to poor decision-making.
- Communication skills to effectively convey financial insights to non-finance stakeholders.
- Time management to balance multiple projects and deadlines simultaneously.
If you are unsure about which route to take and want to leave your options open for now, then applying for a job in one of the diverse accounting firms (Grant Thornton, EY, PwC, Deloitte) might be a good place to look. You can start off in Audit, gain a financial qualification and then seek to move internally once you have a better handle on how the roles vary and you’ve had some client exposure. Especially useful if you are from a non-finance background and aren’t yet sure.
Investment / Fund Management
Investment management firms are responsible to establishing mutual investment funds for pooled investing from a wide variety of clients – high net worth, pension funds, insurance companies, charities and Sovereign Wealth entities. They may specialize in one asset class – like equities, but will typically cover multiple assets – fixed income, commodities, real estate and equities across the world.
When you start out in investment management you will take on roles supporting senior portfolio managers, conducting research and producing investment reports and analysing portfolio risk following compliance and regulations. As well as learning on the job, investment firms are likely to encourage or require you to study for a relevant qualification like the IMC or CFA®.
Although the hours can still be demanding around reporting deadlines, it is a more stable working environment than investment banking where the business is transactional, and deadlines are tight.
Wealth Management
Wealth management is a specialized field that caters to the financial needs of high-net-worth individuals, family offices or smaller institutions. Professionals in this domain provide personalized investment advice, portfolio management services, tax planning strategies, and estate planning solutions. They work closely with clients to understand their financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment preferences, crafting tailored plans to preserve and grow their wealth and protect it for future generations if required.
A good finance foundation will be required, and working for a larger wealth management firm you might get sponsorship for relevant qualifications, like the CFA® or the Chartered Wealth Manager qualification from the CISI.
Trading (part of a securities firm, or the trade desk of a big bank)
Trading is a fast-paced and dynamic career path within the finance industry. Traders buy and sell financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, and derivatives, on behalf of banks, investment firms, or individual clients. They analyse market trends, assess risk, and make split-second decisions to capitalize on price movements and generate profits.
If you joined, say the equities trading desk at a big bank, what would you be doing?
Common trading roles include:
- Market Analysis and Research – focusing on specific sectors or stocks relevant to your desk’s trading strategy
- Stock Analysis – or picking up and interpreting stock research from brokers (or your own research desk – this is another potential role for you!)
- Supporting Trade Execution – process monitoring, trade reconciliations / discrepancy investigations, liaison with back office (responsible for trade support /processing)
- Shadowing Senior Traders – to learn from them
- Maintaining the Trade Book / Reporting – daily P&L, position management, end-of-day reports
- Client iInteraction – preparing reports, assisting with client order processing
- Plenty of Admin Tasks – meetings, paperwork for compliance, risk reports and presentations for management
Skills needed:
- Strong analytical abilities and proficiency with Excel, Bloomberg terminals, and other trading software.
- Attention to detail, especially when executing trades or maintaining the trading book.
- Quick decision-making skills to react to fast-moving markets.
- Teamwork and communication skills to collaborate with senior traders, analysts, and other departments.
- Stress management in a high-pressure environment, particularly during volatile market conditions.
As a junior on the equities trading desk, you will have a fast-paced role that involves market analysis, assisting with trade execution, managing risk, and learning from senior traders. The work is demanding, with long hours, but it provides invaluable experience in understanding how equity markets operate and can set the stage for a career in trading, portfolio management, or even hedge funds later on.
Compensation Across Finance Sectors
While finance careers are generally well-compensated, there can be significant variations in pay scales and incentive structures across different sectors and roles within the industry. Understanding these differences is crucial for individuals considering their career paths and negotiating competitive compensation packages.
Investment Banking
Investment bankers, particularly at prestigious firms, tend to command some of the highest salaries and bonuses in the finance world. Entry-level investment banking analysts can expect base salaries ranging from £40-£80,000, with substantial performance-based bonuses that can equal or even exceed their base pay. As professionals advance to higher roles like associates, vice presidents, and managing directors, their total compensation packages can reach millions of dollars.
Private Equity and Hedge Funds
These sectors are known for their lucrative pay structures, especially for top-performing fund managers and partners. While entry-level roles may have salaries similar to investment banking, the real earning potential lies in the carried interest or performance fees earned on the funds’ profits. Successful portfolio managers and partners can earn tens of millions or even hundreds of millions in a given year (Investopedia, 2021).
Trading
Trading roles, particularly in areas like proprietary trading and hedge funds, offer significant upside earnings potential based on the profits generated through trading activities. Base salaries may be lower compared to investment banking, but top traders can earn multimillion-dollar bonuses based on their performance (Mergers & Inquisitions, 2021).
Corporate Finance
Compensation in corporate finance tends to be more conservative compared to investment banking or funds, but still competitive. Entry-level financial analysts and associates can expect base salaries in the $60,000 to $100,000 range, with bonuses typically ranging from 10% to 30% of base pay. As professionals advance to roles like directors and CFOs, total compensation packages can reach seven figures at large corporations (Robert Half, 2021).
Wealth Management
In wealth management, compensation is often a mix of base salary and incentives tied to the assets under management and revenue generated from clients. Top-performing wealth managers and private bankers can earn sizable bonuses and commissions, but overall compensation may be lower than in investment banking or trading (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021).
Financial Planning and Analysis
FP&A professionals typically have more modest compensation compared to other finance sectors, with base salaries ranging from $60,000 to $150,000 depending on the role and company size. Bonuses are often discretionary and may be tied to company or individual performance metrics (Corporate Finance Institute, 2021).
Core Skills for Careers in Finance
While specific skill requirements may vary across different finance roles, there are several core competencies that are universally valued in the finance industry:
Analytical and quantitative skills: Finance professionals must possess strong analytical and quantitative abilities to interpret complex financial data, perform calculations, and develop models.
- Problem-solving and critical thinking: The ability to identify and solve problems, think critically, and make sound decisions based on available information is essential in finance.
- Communication and interpersonal skills: Effective communication, both written and verbal, is crucial for conveying complex financial concepts, presenting findings, and collaborating with colleagues and clients.
- Technical proficiency: Proficiency in financial software, spreadsheet applications, and programming languages (e.g., SQL, Python, R) is increasingly valued in many finance roles but certainly not essential.
- Attention to detail: Finance professionals must have a meticulous eye for detail, as even minor errors can have significant consequences.
Time management and multitasking: The ability to manage multiple projects, meet deadlines, and prioritize tasks is essential in the fast-paced finance industry.
Educational Requirements for a Career in Finance
Most finance roles require a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in finance, accounting, economics, business administration, or a related field. However, some positions, particularly in investment banking, private equity, and hedge funds, may prefer candidates with advanced degrees such as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) or a Master of Science in Finance (MSF).
Additionally, professional certifications such as the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®), Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM) or Financial Risk Manager (FRM) can enhance a candidate’s credentials and demonstrate specialized knowledge in specific areas of finance. What you will find is that, more than qualifications, demonstrating a passion and interest in the interview process, demonstrating awareness and a self-start attitude are more important. Have you run your own investment portfolio (fantasy or real)? Have you ever used a financial model and what was its purpose? Can you interpret a set of simple financial statements? The more you know, the better your chances. But if you’re keen, I expect you can answer ‘yes’ to all this anyway!
Importance of Networking in the Finance Industry
Networking is crucial in the finance industry, as personal connections and relationships often play a significant role in job opportunities, business deals, and career advancement. Aspiring finance professionals should actively seek opportunities to build and maintain a strong professional network.
Attending industry conferences, joining professional associations, participating in alumni events, and engaging with colleagues and mentors can help individuals expand their network and gain valuable insights into the industry.
Work Hours in Different Finance Roles
Work hours can vary significantly across different finance roles and sectors. Some positions may require long and demanding hours, while others offer a more balanced work-life schedule.
Investment Banking
Investment bankers, particularly at the junior levels, are known for their gruelling work hours. It is not uncommon for analysts and associates to work 80-100 hours per week, including weekends and late nights, especially during busy deal periods.
Trading
Trading roles often involve early starts to prepare for market openings and can be intense throughout the trading day. However, work hours are generally more predictable and shorter compared to investment banking, with most traders working 50-60 hours per week.
Corporate Finance
Work hours in corporate finance tend to be more regular, with a typical 40-50 hour workweek. However, there may be periods of increased intensity during budgeting, forecasting, or reporting cycles.
Wealth Management
Wealth management professionals generally have more stable work hours, with a typical 40-50 hour workweek. However, they may need to accommodate client meetings outside of regular business hours
Transitioning from a Non-Finance Background to a Finance Career
Transitioning from a non-finance background to a finance career is possible with the right preparation and approach. Here are some steps to consider:
- Assess your transferable skills: Identify skills from your current background that are relevant to finance, such as analytical thinking, problem-solving, communication, or project management.
- Pursue relevant education: Consider obtaining a graduate degree in finance, such as an MBA or MSF, or enrolling in finance-related courses to gain foundational knowledge – perhaps the IMC or one of the CISI certificates.
- Gain practical experience: Look for internships, part-time roles, or volunteer opportunities in finance to gain hands-on experience and demonstrate your commitment to the field.
- Network extensively: Attend industry events, join professional associations, and connect with professionals in the finance industry to learn about opportunities and gain insights.
In-Demand Skills in the Finance Industry
In addition to the core skills mentioned earlier, there are several in-demand skills that can set finance professionals apart in the competitive job market. These are a ‘bonus’ if you can tick the boxes, but there is no expectation for candidates at entry level.
- Data Analytics and Machine Learning: As financial institutions increasingly rely on data-driven insights, skills in data analytics, statistical modelling, and machine learning are becoming highly sought-after (Business Insider, 2021).
- Programming Skills: Proficiency in programming languages such as Python, R, and SQL is increasingly valuable for roles involving quantitative analysis, algorithmic trading, and risk management. Most firms have specialists to cover these skills, within the Technology Support teams, so this is one area to consider if this is your skillset.
- Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Knowledge: With the growing prominence of digital assets and blockchain technology in finance, understanding these concepts can be advantageous for roles in fintech, investment management, and risk.
- Soft Skills: Strong communication, leadership, adaptability, and emotional intelligence are crucial for success in finance roles that involve client interaction, teamwork, and managing complex relationships.
- ESG and Sustainable Investing Expertise: As investors and companies place greater emphasis on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, knowledge of sustainable investing principles and ESG analysis is becoming increasingly valuable.
The finance industry presents a wide array of career paths, each offering unique challenges, rewards, and growth opportunities. From the fast-paced world of investment banking and trading to the strategic realms of corporate finance and wealth management, there is a role to suit diverse interests and skill sets.
To embark on a successful finance career, individuals should focus on obtaining relevant education, gaining practical experience, developing core skills, and building a strong professional network. Adaptability, continuous learning, and staying attuned to industry trends are essential for long-term success in this dynamic field.
As the finance landscape continues to evolve, driven by technological advancements, changing regulations, and shifting global priorities, aspiring finance professionals must remain agile and proactive in their skill development and career planning. By combining technical expertise with strong interpersonal skills and a commitment to integrity, individuals can navigate the exciting and rewarding world of finance and make a meaningful impact in their chosen career path.
